Name:
The era of biotechnology comes with "somatostatin" - a factor inhibiting the growth of human growth hormone, the first human protein produced by bacteria Genentech, Inc. A synthetic recombinant gene was used to clone a protein for the first time.
1978:
Genentech, Inc. and the City of Hope National Medical Center announce the successful laboratory production of human insulin using recombinant DNA technology. Hutchinson and Edgel show that it is possible to introduce specific mutations in certain parts of the DNA molecule.
1979:
Sir Walter Bodmer proposes a method of using DNA technology to find gene markers to identify specific genetic diseases and their carriers. John Baxter reports on cloning a human growth hormone gene.
1980:
The prokaryote model of E. coli is used to produce insulin and other drugs in human form. Researchers have successfully implanted a human gene - one that encodes a protein interferon - into bacteria. A US patent for gene cloning is awarded to Cohen and Boyer.
1981:
Scientists from Ohio University produce the first transgenic animals by transferring genes from other animals to mice. Developed the first machines for gene synthesis. Chinese scientists have successfully cloned golden carp fish.
1982:
Genentech, Inc. gets approval from the Food and Drug Administration to market the genetically engineered human insulin. Applied Biosystems, Inc. Presents the first commercial gas phase protein sequencer.
1983:
Polymerase chain reaction invented by Kary B Mullis. The first artificial chromosome was synthesized, and the first genetic markers for specific inherited diseases were found.
1984:
Chiron Corp. announces the first cloning and sequencing of the entire genome of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Alec Jeffreys introduces DNA fingerprinting technology to identify people. The first genetically engineered vaccine has been developed.
1985:
The development of technology Cetus Corporation (PCR), which can generate billions of copies of a targeted gene sequence in just a few hours. Scientists find a cystic fibrosis gene marker on chromosome number 7.
1986:
The first genetic engineering vaccine for humans - Hiron Chiron recombination - approved for the prevention of hepatitis B. The regiment of scientists and technicians in Caltech and Applied Biosystems, Inc. invented an automated DNA fluorescent sequencer.
1987:
Permitted first outdoor tests on a genetically modified bacterium. It inhibits the formation of frost on plants. Genentech tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), marketed as Activase, is approved as a treatment for heart attacks.
1988:
Harvard molecular genetics Phillip Leder and Timothy Stewart obtained the first patent for a genetically modified animal that is very susceptible to breast cancer.
1989:
UC Davis scientists are developing a recombinant vaccine against the deadly plague virus of cattle. A project of the human genome was created, cooperation between scientists from different countries of the world to develop the entire human genetic code.
1990:
The first gene therapy takes place in a four-year-old girl with a disorder of the immune system called ADA deficiency. The human genome project is mostly launched.
1991:
Mary-Claire King of the University of California at Berkeley finds evidence that chromosome 17 gene causes an inherited form of breast cancer and also increases the risk of ovarian cancer. Tracy was born the first transgenic sheep.
1992:
The first liver xenograft from one type of animal to another is transported successfully. Proleukin is approved for the treatment of kidney cancer.
1993:
The FDA lowers that genetically modified foods are “not inherently dangerous” and do not require special regulation. Chiron Betaseron is approved as the first treatment for multiple sclerosis after 20 years.
1994:
The first genetically modified food product, tomato Flavr Savr, received FDA approval. The first breast cancer gene has been detected. Genentech Nutropin is approved for the treatment of growth hormone deficiency.
1995:
Researchers at Duke University Medical Center transplanted hearts from genetically engineered pigs into baboons, providing the possibility of cross-visible operations. Haemophilus influenzae is the first living organism in the world to have its own genome.
1996:
Biogen® Avonex is approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. The discovery of a gene associated with Parkinson's disease is an important new direction in research into the cause and potential treatment of a debilitating neurological disease.
1997:
Researchers at the Roslyn Institute of Scotland report that they cloned a sheep named Dolly from an adult sheep cage. The FDA approves of Rituxan, the first anti-cancer therapy.
1998:
The first complete animal genome of the C. elegans worm is sequenced. James Thomson in Wisconsin and John Gearhart in Baltimore are developing a method for culturing embryonic stem cells.
1999:
For the first time, a new medical diagnostic test will allow BSE / CJD to quickly identify a rare but destructive form of neurological disease transmitted from cattle to humans.
2000:
Golden Rice modified to produce vitamin A. Cloned pigs first appeared in the work of Alan Coleman and his team at PPL, a company in Edinburgh responsible for Dolly the sheep.
2001:
The sequence of the human genome has been published in Science and Nature, which allows researchers around the world to begin developing genetically sound methods for the treatment of diseases.
2002:
Researchers order the DNA of rice and are the first crop in which its genome is decoded.
2003:
The sequence of the human genome is complete.
