Booker T. Washington, who, after his release from slavery, only managed to get a primary education, received an internship at the Hampton Institute and showed such an exemplary student, teacher and speaker that Director Hampton Armstrong recommended him to the Alabamans to lead them to create a school for African Americans in their state .
In 1881, he was hired as the first principal based in Alabama. in accordance with the statute of the Alabama legislature to train teachers, for the first time black was offered such a high position. Soon they found an energetic and far-sighted leader, whom they bought in Washington. Washington, who became the first head of the Tuckige Normal and Industrial Institute. which is built from scratch in the most authoritative and stable high school for blacks in the United States.
In 1895, Washington was invited to speak at the opening of the state of cotton and the international exposition, which was an unprecedented honor for an African American at that time. In his speech in Atlanta Compromise, his main thesis is explained: blacks can secure their constitutional rights through their own economic and moral development, rather than through legal and political changes. Washington was widely met in the African American community and among liberal white North and South. White favored his views. Thus, he won many elements among the southern whites, which support the programs that he envisioned and thought, especially in the field of education, which he easily used.
At that time it was supported by WEB Du Bois, but after a few years, the two began to disagree. The Washington Conciliation Stand angered some blacks, including Du Bois, who were wary of his conciliatory phase, would encourage enemies of equal rights. While Washington assessed "industrial" education aimed at actual jobs available to most African Americans at a time when Du Bois demanded "classical" education in the humanities among the elite, which he called "Talent Tenth". Both sides sought to identify the best means to improve the conditions of the African-American community after the Civil War. However, without constantly condemning the laws of Jim Crow and the inhumanity of lynching publicly, Washington privately provided the means for legal tasks against segregation and deprivation of rights, such as his support in the case of Giles v. Harris, which went to the United States Supreme Court in 1903 . ,
Washington public figure often referred to his own past to illustrate his belief in the dignity of work. “In my life there was no time that was devoted to the game,” Washington once wrote. "From the time when I do not remember anything, almost every day of my life was occupied by some kind of work." This concept of self-reliance, born of hard work, was the cornerstone of his social philosophy.
Although not everyone agreed with Booker Washington, he became a respected leader who helped many schools and institutions receive promises and support from government and other private donors. From this leadership position, he ascended to a nationally known role as a representative of African Americans.
Washington's philosophy and tireless work on education helped him attract both moral and material financial support from many philanthropists. He made friends with such homemade people from humble beginnings as Standard Oil mogul Henry Hattleston Rogers and Sears, Roebuck, and company president Julius Rosenwald.
Washington was associated with the richest and most influential businessmen and politicians of the era. These people and many other rich men and women financed his reasons, such as supporting, launching and equipping higher education institutions in Hampton and Taskig. In addition to being seen as the representative of African Americans, he became a channel for funding educational programs. His contacts included such diverse and famous characters as Andrew Carnegie, William Howard Taft, John D. Rockefeller, Henry Hattleston Rogers and Julius Rosenwald, whom he needed in well-known educational institutions. As a result, thanks to his efforts, many small schools were created in programs that lasted many years after his death.
A representative case of exceptional relations was the friendship of Washington with the millionaire industrialist and financier Heinrich G. Rogers (1840-1909). Henry Rogers, a self-made man, grew out of a modest working-class family to become the director of Standard Oil and became one of the richest people in the United States. Around 1894, Rogers hears Washington say at Madison Square Garden. The next day, he contacted Washington and asked for a meeting, during which Washington later told that he was told that Rogers "was surprised that after the performance no one missed his hat." The meeting began a close relationship that should have been extended for 15 years. Although he and very private Rogers openly became visible to the public as friends, and Washington was a frequent visitor to Rogers & # 39; The New York office, his summer home in Fairhaven, Massachusetts, and aboard his steam yacht Kanawha, the true depth and scope of their relationship was not publicly disclosed until Roger's sudden death from apoplexy stroke was uncovered in May 1909 .
A few weeks later, Washington continued its planned tour of the recently completed Virginia Railway, a $ 40 million venture, which was almost inevitably built from a large part of Rogers. personal condition. When Washington was traveling in the private carriage of the late financier Dixie, he stopped and gave speeches in many places, where his companions later said that from every stop they were warmly welcomed by black and white citizens.
Washington reported that Rogers quietly financed operations in 65 small-country schools for African-Americans and provided substantial sums of money to support the Tuskey Institute and the Hampton Institute. He also said that Rogers encouraged programs with appropriate fund requirements so that recipients would be interested in understanding that they help them in their own hard work and sacrifice, and then strengthen their self-esteem.
US $ 1,000,000 was transferred to Washington by another successful contact, Anna T. Jeans (1822–1907) from Philadelphia in 1907. She taught the construction of primary schools for black children in the south. Her contributions, along with the missions of Henry Rogers and others, financed schools in many communities where white people were also very poor and there were few funds for black schools.
Julius Rosenwald (1862-1932) was another self-made wealthy man, with whom Washington found a common language and from which he received great support. By 1908, Rosenwald, the son of an immigrant, became co-owner and president of the Sears, Roebuck and Company in Chicago. Rosenwald, a philanthropist, was deeply concerned about the poor state of African-American education, especially in the southern states.
In 1912, Rosenwald was asked to serve on the Board of Directors of the Taskigué Institute, who occupied him until the end of his life. Rosenwald also gave Taskigue that Washington can now spend less time searching for funds. This allowed him to devote more time to school management. Later in 1912, Rosenwald provided funds for a pilot program that included six new small schools in rural Alabama, which were designed, built, and opened in 1913 and 1914 and controlled by Tassigue. The success model Rosenwald established the Rosenwald Foundation to replicate it throughout the South. The school building program was one of its largest programs. Using modern architectural plans originally created by professors at the Tuskegee Institute, the Rosenwald Foundation spent more than four million dollars to help build 4,977 schools, 217 teachers; homes and 163 stores in 883 counties in 15 states, from the state of Maryland to Texas. The Rosenwald Foundation used the system of appropriate grants, and the black community collected more than 4.7 million dollars. USA to help build these schools, which became known as Rosenwald schools. By 1932, facilities could accommodate one-third of all African-American children in southern US schools.
Each school was originally created to train teachers. However, graduates often returned to their local communities only to find a lot of schools and educational resources to work in the heavily impoverished South. To meet these needs, by providing millions of dollars and innovative fund-matching programs, Washington and its charitable network have stimulated local communities to create small community schools. Together, these efforts are now created and exploited by more than 5,000 schools and support resources for the improvement of blacks across the South in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Local schools soon grew to enormous sources of great pride in the community and were invaluable to African-American families during those turbulent times in public education. This work was a significant part of his heritage and was maintained (and expanded through the Rosenwald Foundation and others) for many years after Washington’s death in 1915.
As Washington’s influence on whites and blacks increased, he received several honors. In 1901 he wrote Out of slavery - his autobiography, which became a bestseller. Out of slavery , first published in 1901, is still widely read today. As a result of his work as a teacher and public speaker, Washington became influential in business and politics. Washington has done much to improve the general friendship and working relationship between the races in the United States. He also became an adviser to the then president of the United States, Theodore Roosevelt, in this process, becoming the first black person who ever had dinner at the White House with the president. However, this caused a huge commotion. Many squirrels thought it was wrong for whites and blacks to mix in social terms, were terrified of their president for that. Roosevelt defended his actions at that time and continued to seek the advice of Washington, but did not invite him again.
Usually, the leadership of Washington blacks did not give in to the attitude of whites to the progress of blacks. It became obvious that whites, who had gained control over the southern institutions after the Reconstruction, never wanted to improve the civil and political status of black people - no matter how hard they worked or how characteristic they were. They passed laws to keep them aside and not to mix them with whites in schools, shops and restaurants.
Washington that his conservative approach undermines the pursuit of racial equality. Washington was criticized by the leaders of the NAACP, which was formed in 1909, especially by WEB Du Bois, who demanded a hard line on protests against civil rights. After Du Bois called the “Great Tenant,” Washington responded that confrontation would lead to a catastrophe for surpassing blacks, and working with fellow whites was the only way to overcome widespread racism in the long run. Despite the fact that he committed some aggressive civil rights in secret, for example, by funding court cases, he apparently truly believed in able housing for many of the social realities of that age of segregation. Despite the fact that in the short term, he clearly put up with many undesirable social conditions, he also clearly looked at a better future for blacks. With his personal experience, Washington knew that a good education is a powerful and powerful tool that allows people to collectively fulfill this better future.
“In all social matters, we can be as different as our fingers,” he suggested to a bilingual audience in his statement, “Consent of the Atlantic” of 1895, “but one of them is in all respects necessary for mutual progress.” Although his methods partially arose because of his need to support strong whites, some of whom were previously slaves, it is now known that Washington secretly financed anti-segregational activities. But he never hesitated in his belief in the attainment of freedom: “From some of the things I have said, it can be understood that some slaves do not want freedom to be free or those who return to slavery.”
However, by the last years of his life, Washington had departed from many of its rules of placement, having spoken with new frankness, attacked racism. In 1915, he teamed up with former critics in protest against the stereotypical portrait of blacks in the new film “The Birth of a Nation”. He also opposed lynching and worked to make “individual” objects more “equal”.
Washington is currently the dominant figure in the African-American community in the United States, especially after he gained fame in his Atlanta Message in 1895. For many politicians and the general public, he was considered a popular representative of African American citizens. Representing the latest generation of black leaders born in slavery, he was usually perceived as a reliable supporter of improved education for those freedmen who remained in post-reconstruction, Jim Crow South.
Over the past 20 years of his life, he has supported this position through a nationwide network of key supporters in many communities, including laborers, ministers, editors, and businessmen, especially those who have a liberal mindset on social and educational issues. He gained access to top national leaders in politics, philanthropy, and education, and received honorary degrees. Critics called their network of supporters the “Tuskegee machine.”
Washington has done much to improve the general friendship and working relationship between the races in the United States. When the autobiography of Washington, Out of slavery Published in 1901, it became a bestseller and had a great influence on the African-American community, its friends and allies. Washington in 1901 was the first African-American ever invited to the White House as a guest of President Theodore Roosevelt. His autobiography, Out of slavery , is still widely read today. As a result of his work as a teacher and public speaker, Washington became influential in business and politics. In addition to the Tuskegee Institute, which still trains many today, Washington instituted many programs to work in rural areas and helped create the National Negro Business League in 1900 to inspire African Americans for “commercial, agricultural, educational and industrial development”. For his contributions to American society, Washington was awarded an honorary master's degree from Harvard University in 1896 and an honorary doctor from Dartmouth College in 1901. Booker's leaders also earned nye degree from Harvard University and Dartmouth College, he wrote several books and written about him a few more books.
Shortly after the election of President William McKinley in 1896, a movement was put forward, according to which Washington was appointed to the office, but he withdrew his name from consideration, preferring to work outside the political arena.
Washington was married three times, as shown in Out of slavery where they lay on all three of their wives a serious thanks for their work in Taskig, stressing that he could not have succeeded without them.
Fanny N. Smith was from Malden, West Virginia, the same city in the Kanawa Valley, located eight miles from Charleston, where Washington lived for nine to sixteen years (and maintained connections through its later life). Washington and Smith were married in the summer of 1882. They had one child, Portia M. Washington. Fanny died in May 1884.
Washington next time Olivia A. Davidson in 1885. She was born in Ohio, was educated at the Hampton Institute and at the Massachusetts full-time school in Framingham and taught in Mississippi and Tennessee. Washington met Davidson in Taskig, where she came to teach. She then became an assistant director. They had two sons, Booker T. Washington, Jr. and Ernest Davidson Washington, before she died in 1889.
Washington's third marriage took place in 1893 by Margaret James Murray. She was from Mississippi and graduated from Fisk University. They did not have children together. Murray survived Washington and died in 1925.
Blacks were solid Republicans, but after 1890, many lost their votes in the deep South (but continued to vote in the border and northern states). Вашингтон стал его представителем и регулярно консультировался республиканскими национальными лидерами о назначении афроамериканцев на политические должности через нацию. Он работал и общался со многими белыми политиками и знатоками. Он утверждал, что самым надежным способом для чернокожих когда-либо получить равные права было продемонстрировать терпение, промышленность, бережливость и полезность, и сказал, что они являются ключом к улучшению условий для афроамериканцев в Соединенных Штатах и что они не могут ожидать слишком многого, только что получил эмансипацию.
Его путешествия и повсеместная работа, Вашингтон оставался директором Таскиге. У него были серьезные нагрузки и напряжение. Здоровье Вашингтона было до того, как оно быстро ухудшилось; настолько, что он рухнул в Нью-Йорке и был привезен домой в Тускиге, где он скончался 14 ноября 1915 года в возрасте 59 лет. С разрешения своих потомков рассмотрение медицинских карт показало, что он умер от гипертонии, кровяное давление более чем в два раза нормальное, подтверждая то, что давно подозревалось. Он был похоронен в университетском городке Университета Таскеджи около университетской часовни. После его смерти сумма средств в размере Tuskegee превысила 1,5 млн. Долл. USA. Его великая жизнь, работа по воспитанию чернокожих на Юге, шла полным ходом и расширялась. Человек, который преодолел почти невозможные шансы, Букер Т. Вашингтон лучше всего помнит, чтобы помочь чернокожим американцам подняться из экономического рабства, которое удерживало их задолго до того, как они были законно свободными гражданами.
В 1934 году преемник Роберта Руса Мотона Вашингтона в качестве президента Университета Таскиджи организовал воздушный тур для двух азиатов афро-американцев, а затем самолет был окрещен Букером Т. Вашингтон.
7 апреля 1940 года Вашингтон стал первым афроамериканцем, которого изображали на почтовой марке в Соединенных Штатах.
Первой монетой, в которой фигурировал афроамериканец, был «Полуночный доллар мемориала» Букера Т. Вашингтон, который был добыт Соединенными Штатами с 1946 по 1951 год. Он также был опубликован в US Half Dollar с 1951 по 1954 год.
5 апреля 1956 года, столетие со дня рождения Вашингтона, дом, в котором он родился в графстве Франклин, штат Вирджиния, был назначен национальным памятником Букера Т. Вашингтон. В его честь был назван государственный парк в Чаттануге, штат Теннесси, а также мост, соединяющий реку Хэмптон-Ривер с его альма-матер, Университет Хэмптона.
В 1984 году Хэмптонский университет выделил мемориал Букера Т. Вашингтона в кампусе недалеко от исторического Дуба Эмансипации, установив, по словам Университета, «отношения между одним из великих педагогов Америки и общественными деятелями, а также символ Черные достижения в образовании ».
Многочисленные средние школы и средние школы в Соединенных Штатах были названы в честь Букера Т. Вашингтон.
В центре кампуса в Университете Таскейге в 1922 году был открыт памятник Букера Т. Вашингтона под названием «Подъем вуаля». Надпись на его основе гласит: «Он снял с лица своего покровителя невежества и указал путь прогрессировать через образование и промышленность ».
Он финансировался Эндрю Карнеги и Джоном Д. Рокфеллером, обедал в Белом доме с Теодором Рузвельтом и семьей и был гостем королевы Англии в Виндзорском замке.
Recommendations
o Вашингтон, Букер Т. Пробуждение негра, The Atlantic Monthly, 78 (сентябрь, 1896).
o Из рабства: автобиография (1901).
o Вашингтон, Букер Т. Адрес экспозиции Атлантских хлопковых штатов (сент., 1895).
o The Booker T. Washington Papers University of Illinois Нажмите онлайн-версию полных четырнадцати томов из всех писем от Букера Т. Вашингтон.
Джеймс Д. Андерсон, «Образование негров на юге», 1860-1935 (1988)
Марк Бауэрлейн. Вашингтон, Ду Буа и «Черное будущее» в «Уилсон Квартал» (осень 2004 г.)
o W. Fitzhugh Brundage, ed Booker T. Washington and Black Progress: от рабства 100 лет спустя (2003).
o Луи Р. Харлан, Букер Т. Вашингтон: «Создание черного вождя», 1856-1900 (1972), стандартная биография, т.
o Луи Р. Харлан. Букер Т. Вашингтон: Волшебник из Таскиге 1901-1915 (1983), стандартная научная биография vol 2.
o Луи Р. Харлан. Букер Т. Вашингтон в перспективе: Очерки Луиса Р. Харлана (1988).
o Луи Р. Харлан. «Тайная жизнь Букера Т. Вашингтона». Журнал «Южная история» 37: 2 (1971). в секретном финансировании и направлении судебных процессов против сегрегации и лишения гражданских прав в JSTOR Documents Booker T. Washington.
o Линда О. Макмурри. Джордж Вашингтон Карвер, ученый и символ (1982)
август Майер. «К реинтерпретации Букера Т. Вашингтона». Journal of Southern History, 23 # 2 (май, 1957), стр. 220-227. в JSTOR. Секретное финансирование Бухгалтера Т. Вашингтон и руководство судебными процессами против сегрегации и лишения прав.
o Cary D. Wintz, афро-американская политическая мысль, 1890-1930: Вашингтон, Дю Буа, Гарви и Рэндольф (1996).
o Букер Т. Вашингтонская средняя школа
o Букер Т. Вашингтон - Западная Вирджиния
o Работы Букера Т. Вашингтона в Project Gutenberg
o Из рабства, проект Gutenberg Project
o Из рабства, электронного издания
o Букер Т. Вашингтон. 1909 Экскурсия по Вирджинии на вновь завершенной Виргинской железной дороге
o Документы доктора Букера Т. Вашингтона - комментарии о Генри Роджерсе
Афро-американский альманах, 7-й редактор, Томсон Гейл. Воспроизводится в биографическом ресурсном центре «Томсон Гейл».
o The Booker T. Washington публикует цифровой архив, Иллинойский университет. Нажмите поисковый индекс, чтобы заполнить аннотированный текст всех важных писем в Вашингтон и из всех его трудов и из него.
o Критика компромисса в Атланте от WEB Dubois
o Booker T. Washington. Выступает в 1895 году в Атланте. «Компромисс». Выступление Американского проекта социальной истории / Центра медиа и обучения (Центр выпускников, CUNY) и Центра истории и новых медиа (Университет Джорджа Мейсона)
