Article 3: GET THE FIRST LANGUAGE OF CANCER
There are over 100 different types of cancer. Each type of cancer can have different symptoms, diagnostic tests and treatment options. As a result, there are many terms and phrases that are used to describe the type, symptoms and diagnosis of cancer and treatment methods. This is often very confusing and frustrating for readers if too many medical jargons or terminologies are used to describe this condition. It is difficult for readers to understand the context of the topic or to take any action, if necessary, after reading any article or book about cancers. As a result, the information is often misinterpreted or not fully understood or understood.
In this 3rd article of my series of cancer, I would like very simply to explain all the phrases and terms used in describing cancer. This will help readers understand cancer terms, types of cancer, general diagnostics and treatment terminology, and medical personnel involved in cancer treatment. They are described here in alphabetical order.
Ablation: removal or destruction of a part of the body or tissue. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) involves the destruction of high temperature cancer tissue. RFA is commonly used to treat lung, liver and kidney tumors.
Adenocarcinoma: cancer that starts with the lining of internal organs or skin
Adenoma: a cancer-free tumor that starts in the glands
Adenopathy: swollen glands
Adjunct or adjuvant therapy: another treatment used with primary treatment. For example, radiation therapy is sometimes provided after surgery for cancer treatment as an additional treatment.
Anal: anal, anal cancer
Anorexia: abnormal loss of appetite for food.
Asbestos: a group of minerals that are found in the form of tiny fibers. It is used as insulation against heat and fire in buildings. Asbestos dust inhalation to the lungs can lead to lung cancer and mesothelioma.
Asthenia: feeling, weakness or lack of energy. This is often found in advanced cancer.
Astrocyte: This is a type of cell in the brain or spinal cord. An astrocytoma is a tumor that starts in astrocytes.
Asymptomatic: has no signs or symptoms of the disease. Most types of cancer are asymptomatic in the early stages.
Dissection of axillary lymph nodes: removal of lymph nodes in the axillary region. This can be done in the treatment of breast cancer.
B-cell lymphoma: a type of cancer that forms in B-cells.
Barrett esophagus: This is a condition in which the cells lining the lower part of the esophagus change or are replaced by abnormal cells that can lead to esophageal cancer. Regurgization of stomach contents into the esophagus over time can lead to Barrett's esophagus.
Basal cells: These are small round cells found in the lower part of the epidermis. Cancer that begins in the basal cells is called basal cell carcinoma or basal cell carcinoma.
Benign: non-cancerous, also called non-cancerous. A malignant tumor is cancerous growth. For example, fibroadenoma is a benign breast tumor, while adenocarcinoma is a malignant breast tumor.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia: it is not a cancerous condition of the prostate gland where excessive growth of prostate tissue is observed.
Biological therapy: This is a type of treatment that uses substances derived from living organisms or its products to increase or restore the ability of the immune system to fight cancer. Examples of biological agents include vaccines, interleukins and monoclonal antibodies.
Biopsy: removing cells or tissues from a cancer or a suspicious area of a cancer for examination by a pathologist. This is the surest way to diagnose cancer.
Bone Marrow Removal: This is a procedure that is used to kill the bone marrow using radiation or high doses of anticancer drugs. This is done prior to bone marrow transplantation or blood stem cell transplantation to destroy cancer cells and bone marrow cells. This is part of the intensive treatment of some leukemias.
Bone marrow aspiration: This is a procedure in which a small sample of bone marrow is removed with a wide needle and syringe and sent to a laboratory to check for cancer cells. If you remove a small bone sample with bone marrow inside it, this is called a bone marrow biopsy.
Bone marrow transplantation: a procedure that is used to replace the bone marrow, which was destroyed by treatment with high doses of antitumor drugs or radiation.
Metastasis of bones: cancer that has spread to the bone from the original (main) site.
Brachytherapy: it is also called internal radiation therapy. With this type of radiation therapy, radioactive materials sealed in needles, seeds, catheters or wires are placed directly in or near the tumor.
BRCA1 and BRCA2: these are genes on chromosomes 17 and 13, respectively. A person who is born with changes (mutations) in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes has a higher risk of contracting breast, ovary and prostate cancer.
Breast reconstruction: an operation to restore the shape of the breast after breast removal.
Breast self-control: A woman examines her breasts to check for lumps or other changes.
Bronchogenic carcinoma: a cancer that starts in a tissue that forms or covers the airways of the lungs.
Cancer antigen 125 or CA-125: a substance that can be detected in large quantities in the blood of patients with certain types of cancer, including ovarian cancer.
Cachexia: loss of muscle and body mass. Cachexia is observed in patients with advanced cancer.
Cancer: a condition in which the uncontrolled division of abnormal cells occurs.
Carcinogen: any substance that causes cancer, for example, tobacco smoke contains more than 50 carcinogens. Benzene is a carcinogen for leukemia.
Carcinogenesis: a process in which normal cells begin to turn into cancer cells.
Carcinoma: it is a cancer that starts in the skin or in the tissues that line the internal organs of the body. For example, squamous cell carcinoma of the skin or adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder.
In situ carcinoma: These are abnormal cells (not cancer), but can become cancerous cells and spread. They are also said to be at stage 0 of cancer, for example, cervical carcinoma in situ.
Unknown primary carcinoma (cups): in this type of cancer, cancer cells are found in some parts of the body, but the place where the cancer cells first begin to grow cannot be determined.
Cervix: cervix, cervical cancer
Colostomy: A colostomy is an operation that connects the large intestine to the outside of the body through the abdominal wall.
Cryosurgery: This is a procedure in which tissue is frozen to destroy abnormal cells. For freezing tissue using liquid nitrogen or liquid carbon dioxide. It is also called cryotherapy or cryosurgical ablation.
Cyst: Sack in the body; Cysts in the ovary are very common.
Cytotoxic drugs: drugs that kill cells.
Dilatation and curettage (D & C): This is a procedure in which some tissues are removed from the lining of the uterus or cervix. The cervix is first made larger (expanded) with a tool called a dilator, and another tool called cutrette is inserted into the uterus to remove tissue. A sample of tissue removed can be sent to a laboratory to check for abnormal or cancerous cells.
Debulking: This is the surgical removal of as much tumor as possible. This type of surgery is usually done to alleviate the symptoms of cancer in the later stages of the disease.
Dermal: skin
Duodenal: duodenal ulcer, duodenal cancer
Dysplastic nevi: it is also called atypical moles and tends to develop into melanoma.
Endometrium: endometrium, endometrial cancer
Esophagus: esophagus, esophagus cancer
Euthanasia: the deliberate killing of a man to put an end to his suffering. This is also called the killing of mercy.
Excision: removal by surgery, for example, removal of melanoma from the skin.
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP): a hereditary condition in which many polyps form on the inner walls of the colon and rectum. FAP increases the risk of developing colorectal cancer.
Familial atypical syndrome of multiple multiple melanoma (FAMML): this is a hereditary condition that increases the risk of developing melanoma and pancreatic cancer.
Familial cancer: cancers that are more common in families than in the general population, such as breast cancer or colorectal cancer.
Fecal occult blood test (FOBT): This is a test for checking blood in the stool. This is a bowel cancer screening test.
Fibroadenoma: a benign breast tumor.
Fibroid: A benign tumor that arises from smooth muscles, such as uterine fibroma.
Relatives of the first degree: this includes the parents, brothers, sisters, or children of a person.
Fistula: an abnormal opening or passage between two organs or between an organ and the surface of the body.
Follow-up: monitoring of human health over time after treatment.
Gardasil: This is a vaccine for preventing infections with human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16, 18, 6 and 11. It is used to prevent cervical, vulvar and vaginal cancer caused by these viruses.
Gastrectomy: an operation to remove all or part of the stomach.
Stomach: stomach, stomach cancer
Gastric feeding tube: a tube that is inserted through the nose, down the throat and esophagus, and into the stomach to give liquid foods, liquids and drugs. Nutrient tubes are often administered to patients with cancer of the mouth, throat, neck, and esophagus, especially when the operation is extensive or combined with radiation therapy or chemotherapy.
Gastrotomy or PEG tube: This type of tube is inserted directly into the stomach through a hole in the skin and abdominal wall. This type of tube can be used for long-term feeding.
Gene: genes are DNA fragments and contain information for obtaining a specific protein that is passed from parent to offspring. Genetic tools associated with genes.
Genetic counselor: A medical professional trained in counseling on the genetic risk of disease. This may include a discussion of a person’s personal and family history of the person’s illness and may lead to genetic testing.
Genetic testing: This is a DNA test to look for genetic changes (mutations) that may indicate an increased risk of cancer.
Genital warts: an increased growth in the genital area caused by infection of the human papillomavirus.
Germ cells: These are the reproductive cells of the body and include eggs in women and sperm in men. Tumors arising from germ cells are called germ cell tumors.
Gleason grade: This is a prostate cancer tissue classification system based on how it looks under a microscope. Gleason scores range from 2 to 10 and estimate how likely the tumor will spread. A low Gleason score means that the cancerous tissue is less likely to spread, while a high Gleason score means that the cancerous tissue is more likely to spread.
Hematuria: blood in the urine.
Chemopsis: coughing up blood from the respiratory tract.
Hemorrhoids: a swollen blood vessel, usually seen in the anus or rectum
Hepatic: liver, liver cancer
Hepatoblastoma: a type of liver cancer that is more common in infants and children.
Hepatocellular carcinoma: it is the most common type of liver cancer.
Hereditary Useless Colon Cancer (HNPCC): This is a hereditary disorder in which affected people have a higher than usual chance of developing colorectal cancer.
High Intensity Focusing Ultrasound: (HIFU): This is a procedure in which high energy sound waves are directed directly to cancer or abnormal cells. These waves create heat and kill abnormal or cancerous cells. Some types of prostate cancer are treated with HIFU.
Histology: the study of cells and tissues under a microscope.
History: The signs and symptoms that a patient may have for a particular disease.
Hysterectomy: an operation in which the uterus and / or cervix are removed. When both the uterus and the cervix are removed, it is called a general hysterectomy. When only the uterus is removed, this is called partial hysterectomy.
Immunotherapy: A treatment that boosts the body's immune system to fight cancer, for example, immunotherapy of bladder cancer with a BCG vaccine.
Implant: A substance or object that is placed in the body as a prosthesis, for example, a breast implant after a breast has been removed to treat cancer.
Intensive Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT): This is a type of radiation therapy that uses computer-generated images to show the size and shape of a tumor and the direct thin rays of radiation in a tumor at different angles. This type of radiation therapy reduces damage to healthy tissue near the tumor.
In situ: means in its original place. In situ carcinoma means that abnormal cells are found only in the place where they were first formed and not spread nearby.
Cancer incidence: the number of new cases of cancer is diagnosed every year.
Incision: Incision made in the body by the surgeon to perform the operation.
Induction therapy: this is the initial treatment that can reduce cancer, for example, induction therapy for acute myeloid leukemia.
Intrathecal chemotherapy: A treatment in which anticancer drugs are injected into the fluid-filled space between the tissues that cover the brain and spinal cord.
Intravenous (IV) chemotherapy: a treatment in which anticancer drugs are injected into a vein through a cannula.
Labial: from the lips
Laryngeal: from the larynx, cancer of the larynx
Laser surgery: a surgical procedure that uses intense narrow rays of light to cut and destroy cancerous tissue.
Leukemia: a cancer that starts in blood-forming tissues, such as bone marrow.
Lymphedema: a condition in which excess lymphatic fluid builds up in the tissues and causes swelling. This can be seen in the hand after breast surgery.
Malignant: means cancerous. Malignancy is the term used to describe malignant cells that invade and destroy tissue.
Mass: a piece. It may be a benign mass or a malignant mass.
Mastectomy: removal of the breast.
Medical oncologist: A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer using chemotherapy, hormone therapy, biological therapy, and targeted therapy.
Mesothelioma: cancer arising from the mesothelial membrane of the pleura (lung coating)
Melanoma: a cancer that starts in melanocytes. A common site is skin, but it can also occur in the eyes.
Metastases: the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. A cancer that is formed by cells that have spread from the original site is called a metastatic cancer or a metastatic tumor.
Mucosa: mucosa, vaginal mucosa
Mutate: means to change. Mutation means changing the cell's DNA.
Nose: nose, nasal polyp
Neoplasia: This is abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth.
Neoplasm: this is an abnormal mass of tissue. Neoplasms can be benign or malignant (cancer).
Knot: it is height, chunk or mass, which may be benign or malignant.
Oncogene: it is an altered or mutated gene and can cause the growth of cancer cells.
Oncology: a cancer study
Oncologist: a doctor specializing in the treatment of cancer.
Oral: mouth, oral cancer
Ovary: from ovary, ovarian cancer
Palliative care or treatment: it is a treatment designed to alleviate the symptoms and reduce the suffering of cancer patients. Palliative care is aimed at improving the quality of life of patients.
Pancreas: pancreas, pancreatic cancer
Pharyngal: pharynx, pharyngeal cancer
PAP test: a procedure in which cells are cleaned from the cervix and examined under a microscope. This test is used to detect cancer or to identify changes in the cervix that can lead to cancer.
Partial: not integer, in part, for example, partial gastrectomy, which means that part of the stomach is removed.
Penektomiya: an operation to remove part or all of a member
Penis: Penis, Penile Cancer
Plastic surgery: a surgical procedure that improves the appearance of the structures of the body. A person engaged in plastic surgery is called a plastic surgeon. Plastic surgeons are involved in many breast, vaginal, or facial reconstruction operations after cancer treatment.
Полипы: это небольшие ростки, которые возникают из слизистой оболочки толстой кишки и прямой кишки.
Предраковое (предраковое) состояние, которое может стать раком позже.
Проктоскопия: исследование прямой кишки с использованием проктоскопа, вставленного в прямую кишку.
Прогноз: вероятный исход рака. Прогноз большинства видов рака на продвинутой стадии является плохим.
Профилактическая хирургия: это операция по удалению части тела или органа без признаков рака, но в попытке предотвратить развитие рака в этом органе в будущем. Например, иногда проводится профилактическая мастэктомия или профилактическое удаление яичников.
Простатика: простата, рак предстательной железы
Простат-специфический антиген (PSA): это белок, продуцируемый предстательной железой. Уровень ПСА в крови может быть увеличен у мужчин с раком предстательной железы или увеличенной простатой.
Легочный: легких
Радиационный онколог: врач, который специализируется на использовании излучения для лечения рака.
Физик радиации: человек, который следит за тем, чтобы радиационная машина доставляла необходимое количество излучения правильному месту в теле.
Лучевой терапевт: специалист в области здравоохранения, который проводит лучевую терапию.
Радиочастотная абляция: процедура, использующая радиоволны для нагрева и уничтожения аномальных и раковых клеток.
Рецидивирующий рак: рак, который вернулся после лечения или после того, как он не был обнаружен в течение определенного периода времени. Рак, как говорят, повторяется.
Огнеупорный рак или стойкий рак: рак, который не реагирует на лечение.
Режим: это план лечения, где указаны дозировка, график и продолжительность лечения.
Относительная выживаемость: это оценочное число, которое сравнивает шансы, что человек с раком выживет после диагноза или лечения рака с теми, у кого нет рака. Он обычно рассчитывается в течение 2, 5 или 10 лет. Например, 5-летняя относительная выживаемость колоректального рака в Америке, если она обнаружена и лечится рано, составляет 90%.
Ремиссия: это означает исчезновение или уменьшение признаков и симптомов рака. Рак, как говорят, находится в полной ремиссии, когда нет признаков и симптомов рака; он находится в частичной ремиссии, если некоторые признаки и симптомы рака исчезли.
Почечная: почек, почечный рак
Резекция: удаление части или всего органа.
Фактор риска: фактор риска - это то, что увеличивает вероятность развития рака. Например, курение является фактором риска для многих видов рака.
Скрининг: проверка заболеваний, когда нет симптомов рака. Примеры скрининговых тестов на рак включают тесты PAP, маммограмму и колоноскопию.
Дозорный лимфатический узел: это первый лимфатический узел, у которого рак может распространяться от первичной опухоли.
Стадия рака: это делает тесты и тесты, чтобы узнать количество рака в организме, а также везде, где рак распространился на другие части тела. Стадия рака помогает лучше всего лечить пациента.
Стволовая клетка: клетка, из которой развиваются другие типы клеток. Например, эритроциты развиваются из кроветворных стволовых клеток.
Стент: это устройство, которое помещается в структуру тела, чтобы держать его открытым. Например, стент может быть вставлен в желчный канал, если он заблокирован раком желчного пузыря.
Стома: это отверстие, сделанное хирургическим путем из области внутри тела наружу. Например, колостомия имеет стому в брюшной стенке.
Хирургическая менопауза: у женщины прекращается менструальный цикл после удаления яичников. Это проявляется в операциях с раковыми заболеваниями договоров или матки.
Хирургический онколог: врач, который выполняет хирургические процедуры у больных раком.
Системная химиотерапия: лечение рака химиотерапевтическими препаратами, которые проходят через кровоток и достигают клеток по всему телу.
Целенаправленная терапия: тип лечения рака, который использует наркотики или другие вещества для выявления и нападения на конкретные раковые клетки.
Тестикуляр: яичек, яичек
Термотерапия: лечение болезней с использованием тепла.
Местное лечение: лекарства, которые наносятся на поверхность тела, например, крем Алдары применяется местно на коже для лечения рака базальных клеток.
Язва: это перерыв на коже или в подкладке органа. Например, язва на лице может быть признаком базально-клеточной карциномы.
Уретрал: уретры, уретральный разряд
Матка: матка, рак матки
Урологический онколог: врач, специализирующийся на лечении рака мочевой системы.
Вагинальный влагалище, вагинальный рак
Висцеральные: от внутренних органов, внутренних органов внутренних органов. Висцеральная боль - это боль, приходящая
Вульваль или вульвар: из вульвы, вульватного рака вульвы
Бородавка: повышенный рост на поверхности кожи или других органов.
Бдительное ожидание: это связано с тщательным наблюдением за состоянием пациента, но не с активным лечением. Это используется при некоторых раковых заболеваниях, таких как простата или миелома, где рак прогрессирует очень медленно.
Клиническая резекция: это хирургическая процедура, при которой треугольная кусочек ткани удаляется для лечения рака.
