Restenosis is a reparative process in response to an injury caused by angioplasty. This process can be temporarily divided into three stages:
Phase 1 is recoil, which tends to occur within the first 24 hours.
Phase 2 - Fragment of a blood clot - a thrombi sticking to the vessel wall. (Formation of an oral thrombus followed by the organization of connective tissue that occurs during the first 2-3 weeks.) A blood clot is the final product of blood clotting. This is achieved by platelet aggregation, which forms a platelet plug.
Phase 3 - activation, migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells, as well as increased synthesis of extracellular matrix, which occurs during the first 3 months.
Modern medicine is a discipline based on the premise that people can alleviate their suffering from disease by intervening (that after the cause and course of the disease). Over the years, people have developed a variety of ways to intervene in diseases using chemical, physical, mental, and the latest EBOO SAFE technology (extracorporeal blood oxygenation and ozonation, simple extraction of fluids) aimed at improving the quality and longevity.
However, during active interventions in painful processes, undesirable consequences often occur, while at the same time encouraging benefits. This experience forced practitioners to be careful to avoid harm before considering the intervention. In modern medicine, new interventions are needed to create a clinically acceptable “therapeutic index” (which means that the benefit must clearly exceed any obligations or harmful consequences for the patient).
Ultimately, the whole enterprise of medical science and pharmacology is safety and efficiency. Historians of private professional regulation have shown that professional men and women created institutions to research, certify, and monitor the purity and effectiveness of a drug even before the FDA existed, * (Ref: Burrow 1970, Dowling 1970, Sonnedecker 1970) (described the era before the Intervention of the Federal governments) “Based on voluntary and democratic decision making on the creation of a pharmacopoeia, organized medicine and later organized pharmacy also relied on voluntary compliance, and this seemed characteristic of the Americas an venture fund of free and independent professions. ”
In this regard, PPPOM (Pertubuhan Pengamal Perubatan Ozon Malaysia or the Organization of Malaysian Ozone Specialists) is established to verify the quality and safety of the seller’s product. PPPOM provides a certification mark or seal of approval, and therefore must approve the statutes of modern regulatory bodies that strive to ensure safety and efficacy as a basis for approving drugs and devices for medical use. With this in mind, EBOO SAFE reflects the reality of medical interventional cardiology - mitigates the effects of an old disease, atherosclerosis, at the same time causes a new pathology, restenosis. The need to alleviate the obstruction of blood flow in the main blood vessels, such as the coronary arteries, has led to a new and powerful intervention that quickly accelerates life associated with life-threatening events, such as an abrupt obstruction of the vessels. PTCA, stents, EBOO SAFE and other interventions have proven very beneficial for patients who are at risk of death from myocardial infarction. In particular, the use of PTCA and stents is currently a common practice in many medical centers with a success rate of 96% and minimal hospitalization, timely morbidity and mortality. The only real shadow affecting their modern success in conquering coronary (and other vessels) obstructions and heart attacks is the phenomenon of restenosis or simply repeated occlusion of vessels that were successfully discovered by direct mechanical intervention.
Restenosis is a new disease, one of many that a drug has encountered in the route of administering physiological (eg, radiation) or chemical (medicinal) agents for therapeutic use. However, restenosis was not a predicted responsibility (not similar consequences for chemotherapy or radiation), because the pathology underlying restenosis differs significantly from the pathology of the disease leading to blood vessel obstruction, primarily atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Restenosis is a significant medical problem because it occurs in a significant proportion of patients (30-50%) undergoing RTCA or stents placement, which can lead to morbidity and mortality and significantly increases the cost of medical services.
Why does restenosis occur? The final answer to this question was not raised, but significant progress was made in understanding the main components in the evolution of restenosis. (This article is for you and your physician to provide an advanced overview of the three aspects of the problem). This area is of particular importance because no drug has been approved by the regulatory body for the treatment of restenosis, despite extensive basic research, animal experiments and costly clinical trials. The need for a better understanding of the role of animal models in pharmacological studies of restenosis is necessary, and a careful analysis of the advantages and limitations of animal models of restenosis are necessary for the effective promotion of pharmacological agents in clinical practice.
Thus, this article provides an updated and comprehensive review of the pharmacology of restenosis.
First, it highlights the key conceptual support studies of restenosis with an emphasis on the mechanism "without sex (key event for restenosis) and describes in detail the phenomenon of vascular remodeling, a fundamental process that forms the general ability of blood vessels to respond to physiological and pathological conditions. In this aspect, you will thus understand a brief overview of the molecular and cellular events that form the walls of blood vessels in response to mechanical injury (PTCA, Stents).
Second, the role of thrombosis in restenosis is of great interest and importance, since blood cells and blood-borne factors play a key role in the initiation and spread of many processes in neo-intim education and vascular remodeling in response to injury. There are several books devoted to the problem of thrombosis in restenosis, where the role of platelets and blood coagulation factors is considered, and strategies for intervention in various aspects of the coagulation cascade and platelet aggregation are evaluated. The importance of thrombosis in acute occlusion of intervened vessels has recently been demonstrated in clinical trials with antithrombotic agents (an antibody that blocks platelet fibrinogen factor, GP11b / 111a), which have shown significant efficacy in reducing morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing PTCA. However, it is still unclear whether antithrombotic agents are able to combat the process of restenosis as such.
Third, in this article you will consider the potential of EBOO SAFE therapy for restenosis. EBOO SAFE is a new concept and technology in which extensive studies of cardiovascular diseases are conducted. For EBOO SAFE Therapy is available a simple and simple description of the technology. The pros and cons of different delivery systems can be explained and success examples (proof of hypothesis) of human models in vivo are available. Although this form of restenotic therapy may not be available for some time, it is important for researchers and clinicians to become familiar with this technology.
Finally, we hope that this unique and stimulating approach to the problem of restenosis will help the primary scientist easily identify research directions and new goals for therapy and help clinicians better design and implement productive clinical trials. We hope that graduate students in various disciplines in the field of biology, as well as physicians in the field of education, striving for a quick introduction to various dimensions of this new state of health - restenosis, will undertake to reconsider and use this innovative technology in their search for better than what is available now.
*AT Protecting the public: historical aspects of the fight against drugs, edited by J. B. Blake, 97-111. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
