
Introduction
The rights of women, as a term, usually refer to the freedoms inherent in
women and girls of all ages who may be institutionalized, ignored or illegally
repressed by law, custom, and behavior in a particular society. These freedoms
grouped and differentiated from broader notions of human rights because they
often differ from the freedoms inherent or recognized by men and boys,
and because the activity associated with this issue claims to be inherent in historical and traditional
deviation from women's rights.
Questions commonly associated with women's rights include, although not
limited to the right to physical integrity and autonomy; vote (universal suffrage); at
hold public office; work; fair wages or equal pay; own property; to education; at
to serve in the military; enter into legal contracts; and have matrimonial, parental and
religious rights. Today, women in most countries can vote, own property, work in many
various occupations and occupy government positions. These are some of the rights of modern
female. But women were not always allowed to do such things, like
the experience of most men throughout history. Women and their supporters
and in some places continue to carry out long campaigns to win the same rights as
modern men and considered equal in society.
The evolution of women's rights in India
The position of women in ancient India
The situation of women has long been miserable in all aspects of life and its
the submission of men was throughout history. She didn't feel
independent and so, with a few exceptions.
Women in the Vedic period enjoyed equal status with men and independence in action.
Not only did they take place of honor, but also had the right to freely participate in social
activities. They were allowed to pursue academic achievements and share with their families.
life with full energy. They could freely choose their marital partner and freely use
will enter marriage slavery.
The privileges enjoyed by women in the Vedic period were short-lived, and
women began to decline since the last Vedic period. Lumber after the Vedic period
appearance of manusmrithi. Manu's orders unify the individuality of the wife
with her husband and recommended strict exemptions for women and strict
discipline for widows. Glorifying motherhood and allowing women all freedom in
managing the household, he allowed child marriage and polygamy. at
The women of the Dharma-shastra are unequivocally equated with the sudras. Even gita
the place of women, vaisyas and sudras in the same category and describes them as
sinful birth. Moreover, women bring life into terrible misfortune. Women were denied
the right to equal educational opportunities as well as employment.
inhuman system. was distributed as a binding custom. Widows were not only
were not allowed to remarry, but they were also not allowed to live after their death
husband. There was also a Purdy system, women had to cover her face
and the body with a bathrobe when it should have been seen in public. It was not only deprivation
women's rights, but they were also a social evil that haunted ancient Indians
society. Other evils that affected women in ancient India were child marriage,
female infanticide, dowry system, etc.
During the British rule, many new rules were adopted to repeal certain social issues.
which have a direct impact on women's rights. Many social reformers during
This period includes Raja Ram Mohan Roy worked to cancel the system
Sati and restored in his place the right of the widow to remarry. More attention was
in order to provide opportunities for the advancement of women, such as
learning opportunities for women, etc.
After independence, most social evils, such as the Sati system, child marriage, woman
infanticide, etc., which adversely affected the rights of women, were canceled. More laws
were adopted to ensure equal status of women with men in the field of education and
employment opportunities, laws were also passed to prevent discrimination against
women by gender. India’s Constitution also provides for
to protect the rights of women. In the public sector was done
the ratio of the number of women and bring it in line with the male population. Indian
The Criminal Code also took strict measures to combat crimes against women. criminal
penalties were imposed for crimes involving rape, domestic violence
against women, prostitution, etc. The law on the prohibition of dowry also provides for punishment
in the provision and adoption of a dowry. Recently, a prosecution prevention bill was passed
women in their jobs.
International conventions for the protection and promotion of women's rights
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
(CEDAW), adopted in 1979 by the UN General Assembly, is often described as
international bill of rights for women. Composed of a preamble and 30 articles, it defines
what constitutes discrimination against women and sets the agenda for national action
to end such discrimination.
The Convention defines discrimination against women as "... any distinction, exclusion
or a restriction made on the basis of sex, which has the effect or purpose of impairment or
the annulment of recognition, exercise or exercise by women, regardless of their marriage
status based on the equality of men and women, human rights and fundamental
freedoms in political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field. ”
By accepting the Convention, States are committed to carrying out a series of
measures to end discrimination against women in all forms, including:
To include the principle of equality of men and women in their legal system, repeal
all discriminatory laws and take appropriate measures prohibiting discrimination against
women; Create tribunals and other government agencies to ensure effective protection
women against discrimination; and ensure the elimination of all acts of discrimination
against women by individuals, organizations or enterprises.
The Convention provides a framework for the realization of equality between women and men.
by ensuring equal access of women to equal opportunities in political and public life
life - including the right to vote and run for election - as well as education, health care
and employment. The participating States agree to take all appropriate measures, including
legislation and temporary special measures so that women can use all their
rights and fundamental freedoms.
The convention is the only human rights treaty that confirms reproductive rights.
women and targeted cultures and traditions as influential forces that determine gender roles and
family relationships. He confirms the rights of women to acquire, change or retain their citizenship
and the nationality of their children. The participating States also agree to take appropriate measures.
against all forms of trafficking in women and the exploitation of women.
Countries that have ratified or acceded to the Convention are legally obligated
provisions in practice. They also pledged to submit national reports at least
every four years, about the measures they have taken to fulfill their contractual obligations.
United Nations Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergencies and Armed Conflict
Considering the need to provide special protection for women and children belonging to
civilian population solemnly proclaims this Declaration on the Protection
Women and children in emergencies and armed conflicts and calls for
adherence to the Declaration by all Member States:
1. Attacks and bombings on civilians causing immense suffering
especially women and children who are the most vulnerable members
population is prohibited, and such actions must be condemned.
2. The use of chemical and bacteriological weapons during military operations
is one of the most flagrant violations of the Geneva Protocol of 1925,
The 1949 Geneva Conventions and the principles of international humanitarian law and
inflicts heavy losses on civilians, including defenseless women and children,
and will be severely convicted.
3. All States fully comply with their obligations under the 1925 Geneva Protocol and
Geneva Conventions of 1949, as well as other international law instruments
respect for human rights in armed conflicts that provide important guarantees
to protect women and children.
4. All efforts should be made by States involved in armed conflict, military operations in
foreign territories or military operations in territories under colonial rule, until
save women and children from the ravages of war. All necessary steps must be taken.
to ensure the prohibition of such measures as harassment, torture, punitive measures,
degrading treatment and violence, especially regarding this part of the civilian population
which consists of women and children.
5. All forms of repression and cruel and inhuman treatment of women and children,
including imprisonment, torture, shooting, mass arrests, collective punishment,
the destruction of homes and the forced evictions committed by the warring parties during
military operations or in the occupied territories are considered criminal.
6. Women and children belonging to the civilian population, and
emergency situations and armed conflicts in the struggle for peace, self-determination,
national liberation and independence or living in the occupied territories,
must not be deprived of housing, food, medical care or other inalienable rights, in
in accordance with the provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, International Covenant on
Economic, social and cultural rights, the Declaration of the Rights of the Child or other
international law instruments.
United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women
The declaration is mainly aimed at protecting women from torture. For the purposes of this
Declaration, the term "violence against women" means any act of gender-based violence.
which causes or may cause physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering
women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty,
whether in public or private life.
Article 2
It should be understood that violence against women covers, but is not limited to,
following:
(a) Physical, sexual and psychological violence that occurred in the family, including
beating, sexual abuse of female children in the family, dowry-related violence,
marital rape, female genital mutilation and other traditional methods detrimental to women,
non-spouse and exploitation violence;
(b) Physical, sexual and psychological abuse occurring in general
including rape, sexual assault, sexual harassment and bullying at work, in
educational facilities elsewhere, trafficking in women and forced prostitution;
(c) physical, sexual and psychological violence committed or condoned by the state,
wherever it happens.
The declaration aims to make the world a safer place for women and to use
their rights without any encumbrances.
Women's Rights Project ACLU
Since 1972, the draft Law on Women's Rights ACLU has worked to empower women and
promotion of equality. Many people, before and after, have contributed to our efforts.
The Women's Rights Project focuses on four main areas:
Employment
WRP proponents, on behalf of low-paid immigrant women, are working to eliminate
social security inequalities and seeks to end discrimination in the workplace.
Violence against women
The WRP is committed to promoting the civil rights of battered women, helping women in their
efforts to ensure the safety of their children and their children as well
employment discrimination experienced by so many battered women, especially low income and women of color.
Criminal law
WRP treats harm to women and girls who are passionate about the criminal and underage
justice systems, including their conditions of detention and the consequences of sentencing
and imprisonment policies for women and their children.
education
The WRP is dedicated to ensuring that public schools are not divided by gender, and that
girls and boys get equal opportunities for education.
Legislation in India for the protection of women
The main laws of women in India are as follows:
Law on the immoral movement (warning), 1956. Law on immoral movement aimed at
prevention of immoral acts using women. It provides punishment for women
trafficking in persons, prostitution, brothel conservation, etc.
The role of the media in protecting women's rights
The media plays a very important role in raising awareness among the female community.
about their inalienable rights that they have lost for many centuries. Media games
the role of savior in which the power to protect and improve the rights of women
appropriated. Media through its visual broadcasting should project the pitiful and miserable
living and living conditions of women in rural India. More documentary and screen games
the design of women's rights should be transmitted through visual media. Media play
important role in coordinating the activities of social workers who play an important role
in an effort to establish the rights of women. Print media through various magazines meant
exclusively for women entails a place in a world dominated by men. Media have certain
forums specifically for promoting and promoting women's interest.
The media through their various agencies help agitate and speak out against any invasion of
women's rights. In modern age, crimes against women have also become very
The media has been an active tool for expressing such acts and attracting such illegal
acts in the eyes of the authorities concerned and thus saves the problem as a hot spot
which requires urgent attention. The media also acts as an effective tool for educating people.
against committing such brutal actions against the female community and thus
keeping their purity and holiness. Media also through various debates and
discussions help legislators in identifying new areas for legislative
protect women.
The negative impact of the media on women's rights
The media has both positive and negative consequences for the rights of women. mass media
has led to an increase in the violation of the right to privacy of a woman. mass media
through obscene publications and visual presentations have degraded
women in modern society. Modern films tend to glorify violence and, as a result
pouring such ideas into the minds of youth. The media played a significant role in
promotion and distribution of pornographic materials, in turn, will lead to
trafficking in women, trafficking in the flesh, etc. Media is the cornerstone in shaping life
a new generation, because most of the modern generation is glued to them. Media through
films and publications, as a rule, fundamentally revolutionize the minds of people without
their knowledge and awareness. Therefore, there must be strict verification and control
content that is transmitted and published through the media. It is this concept that laid
the development of media laws.
The laws of the media and its evolution in India
In India, the Press is free, but subject to certain reasonable restrictions imposed by
Constitution of India, 1950, as amended (“The Constitution”). Before exposure
there was globalization, the media was completely controlled by the government, which
let the media pursue only what the government wanted the public to see and somehow in
which he wanted the public to see. However, with the advent of globalization and
privatization, the situation has undergone tremendous changes.
Before the invention of communications satellites, communications were mainly in
ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ° Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π‘ΠΠ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
, Π² ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠΎΠΌ. Then
«ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ°» Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Satellite
ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ISDN (ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³Π°ΠΌΠΈ), ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ: ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅
ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ.
Π ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡ
Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡ Π°Π±ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π½Π°Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Ρ. Π Π½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ,
ΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ
ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΈ.
ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π° Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΎ Π‘ΠΠ
ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ Π‘ΠΠ Π² ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Ρ Π² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅.
ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π‘Π°ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΡ
Π² 1799 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π»ΠΎΡΠ΄ Π£ΡΠ»Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π» ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π³Π°Π·Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° Π΄Π»Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
. ΠΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ
Π² 1835 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ
Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ
ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ² ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ.
ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ 18 ΠΈΡΠ½Ρ 1857 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ
, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ
ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΡΠΈ, Π²Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ; ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ» ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ Π³Π°Π·Π΅ΡΡ, ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ
ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π°, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π±ΠΈΠ² Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ.
ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π» Π°ΠΊΡ .Press and Registration of Books. Π² 1867 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°Π΅Ρ
ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΈΠ»Π΅ Π΄ΠΎ Π΄Π°ΡΡ. ΠΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»-Π³ΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΡ ΠΠΎΡΠ΄ ΠΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ½ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»
ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅. ΠΎΡ 1878 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Ρ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ, ΠΈ Π½Π°Π»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ
ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ ΡΠΏΠ°ΡΡΡ Π² Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ. Π 1908 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π»ΠΎΡΠ΄ ΠΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π» Π³Π°Π·Π΅ΡΡ. (ΠΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ
ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ), 1908 Π³., Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°
Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ Π³Π°Π·Π΅ΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π° Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ.
ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΌ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΌ Π² ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π Π΅Π³Π»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° Π‘ΠΠ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ 26-Π΅ ΠΈΠ·
Π―Π½Π²Π°ΡΡ 1950. Π² Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π²ΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ
ΠΎΠΏΡΡ ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅Π² Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π‘Π²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π°
ΠΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π² ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΡ; ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
ΠΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΈ Π£ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ,
ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ» Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎ. Π‘Π²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ. ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠ½Π΄Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ. Π₯ΠΎΡΡ, ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ
Π ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ 19
(1) (Π°). ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π½Π΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π°Π±ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, Π°
ΠΊΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ 19 (2) Π² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ.
ΠΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ 19 (1) (Π°) Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅, ΡΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π³Π°Π·Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΠ»Π΅ΡΡ,
Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ, Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠΈΡΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅:
Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ
ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Π³Π°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠ½Π΄Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ,
Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΌΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ
ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΎ Π‘ΠΠ.
ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π‘ΠΠ
Π‘Π²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ
Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π²
Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ½ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ. ΠΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π³Π°Π·Π΅Ρ Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΡ Π² ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ.
Π½Π΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ.
ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ Π²ΠΎ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ Ρ
ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π°, Π½Π°Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ:
_ ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³, 1867 Π³ΠΎΠ΄. ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ
ΠΈ Π³Π°Π·Π΅ΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Ρ Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ.
_ _ ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ (Π½Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ), 1951 Π³ΠΎΠ΄. ΠΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ.
_ _ ΠΠ°Π·Π΅ΡΠ° (ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ), 1956 Π³ΠΎΠ΄. ΠΡΠΎΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π¦Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ
ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π³Π°Π·Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ
Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΡ.
ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° Π²Π΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ
Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΈ. Π§Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ²Π΅
programs. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π² Π‘Π΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π° I & B ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² CAB1 ΠΠ΅ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ΄
ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ
Π³ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ Π·ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌ / ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ
Π½Π΅Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π‘ΠΠ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π°
Π½Π΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ Π½ΠΈΠ³Π΄Π΅ Π² ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΌ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅, ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π²
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°.
Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΎ ΠΊ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π²
Π²Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π‘ΠΠ, ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°Π» ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ Π³ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π½.
1 (1995) 2 SCC 161
ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Π±Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ
(ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅) 1995 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ
ΠΠ°Π±Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΌΠΌΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅. AT
Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ (ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅) (ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ°), 2002 Π³ΠΎΠ΄,
Π¦Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°Π±Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· Π°Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π°
Π¦Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ± ΡΡΠΎΠΌ. Π ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π² ΠΏΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌ. ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅.
ΠΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ°,
ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ ΡΡΡΡΡΠΈ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ
ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ½Ρ Π² Π³ΠΎΠ΄. Π Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ, ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ
ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΡ: -
ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ 1952 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ 1952 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π±ΡΠ» ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ
ΠΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Ρ. Π ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π‘ΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² (ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π² Π¦Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ²) Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ
Π΄Π»Ρ Π²Π·ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΡΡ
. Π‘ΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠΈ.
Π Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅ Π. Π. ΠΠ±Π±Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΈ, Π·Π°ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π²ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΠ» Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΡΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ½Π΄Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠ΅ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ
ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π‘ΡΠ΄ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ», ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΡΡΠ° ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ»Π°
ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ 19 (2), Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡ
Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ
Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ, ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π΄Π²ΡΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ. (ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²Π·ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΡΡ
)
ΠΈ ΡΡ. (Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
) Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ2.
2 AIR 1971 SC 481
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Π Π΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ - ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΌ. AT
ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ. it
Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π²Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π² Π·Π°Π±Π»ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡ, Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ.
Π ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π³Π»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° Π‘ΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΡ ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΈ
Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½Π°. ΠΠ΄ΠΎΡ
Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π£ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΡ (ASA) ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ,
ASCI ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΡΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ: -
· ΠΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΡ ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡ Π²Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π² Π·Π°Π±Π»ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΡ;
· ΠΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ° Π½Π΅ ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ;
· ΠΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡ Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ·Π±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅
ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π»ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ
Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΌΡΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ; and
· ΠΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ° ΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π»Π° ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ
Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² Π±ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅.
ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΎ Π‘ΠΠ ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½
ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π² ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½.
ΠΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΎ Π‘ΠΠ. ΠΡΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ» Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½.
right ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π‘ΠΠ,
Π½Π°ΠΆΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ Π°Π±ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π½Π° Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π΅. ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ Π‘ΠΠ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½.
ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎ, Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π‘ΠΠ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π»Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ΄ΡΡ
Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ± ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠ³Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΈΡ
Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Ρ.

