Comprehensive computing is a tendency to ubiquitous (another name for the movement is ubiquitous computing), connected computing devices in the environment, a trend caused by the convergence of advanced electronic - and especially wireless technologies and the Internet. Comprehensive computing devices are not personal computers, because we tend to think about them, but very small — even invisible — devices, mobile or embedded in almost any type of imaginary object, including cars, tools, home appliances, clothing, and various consumer goods — all Communication through increasingly interconnected networks.
Modern devices that can serve the ubiquitous computing model include mobile phones, digital audio players, RFID tags, and interactive whiteboards. Other terms for ubiquitous computing include ubiquitous computing, quiet technology, things that everyone thinks, and recently the widespread Internet.
Ubiquitous computing covers a wide range of research topics, including distributed computing, mobile computing, sensor networks, human-computer interaction, and artificial intelligence.
HISTORY
Pervasive computing is the third wave of computing technology that has emerged since the advent of computers:
o First Wave - mainframe separation: one computer that many people use through
workstations.
o The second wave - the era of personal computers: one computer used by one person, requiring
conscious interaction. Users have great restrictions on the desktop.
o The third wave - the ubiquitous (originally called omnipresent) computing era: one person, many
computers Millions of computers built into the environment, allowing technology
retreat to the background
BACKGROUND
Eight billions of embedded microprocessors are released annually. This number is expected to increase dramatically over the next decade, making electronic devices even more common. These devices will range from a few millimeters (small sensors) to a few meters (displays and surfaces). They can be interconnected by wired and wireless technologies into wider, more reliable networks. Pervasive computing systems and services can lead to a greater degree of user knowledge or control over the environment, whether at home or in the office or on the machine. There have been calls for more widespread debt on the effects of ubiquitous computing, while it is still at an early stage of development.
FIRST COMPUTING TECHNOLOGIES
Widespread computing technologies classified in four converging areas
- Mobile computing
- Embedded and applied computing
- RFID and sensors
- Mobile and sensor network
Mobile computing
The widespread use of mobile computing devices has changed the way people compute and significantly expand their research areas in distributed computing and networks. In fact, traditional distributed computing is actually a subset of a wide area of mobile computing. Many topics in “mature” areas, such as distributed databases, distributed fault tolerance, and resource management, require significant additional study, since many traditional assumptions are disputed. Mobile computers operate in more aggressive environments, are limited in resources (limited power, frequent disconnection) and are poor in the periphery.
Mobile computing is changing the way we live and work, just as the introduction of the car took place almost a century ago. Major achievements in the field of mobile networks, wireless communications, access to mobile information, content adaptation, data synchronization, technology for laptops and wearable computers, as well as innovative solutions for mobile e-business come from global research laboratories.
Some of the latest research in mobile computing include:
EXPECTED DISPLAY OF STATISTICS ATHLETES
TeamAwear is a basketball jersey that displays real-time information about its owner’s statistics, such as their fouls, points and scores and player warnings, when the game is almost over or time is running out to shoot. Mitchell Page and Andrew Vande Moher at the Center for Design and Knowledge at the University of Sydney have developed a system consisting of numerous colored electroluminescent panels. A small computer attached to the chassis of the player controls the panels and wirelessly connects to the server, which keeps track of the statistics of the corresponding game. For example, the panels on the knit side will light to show how many goals the user has scored, with each panel representing 10 goals. Although the inventors developed a TeamAwear jersey originally for basketball, they claim that it can also work in other fast-paced sports, in which player-specific data changes quickly, such as football, volleyball, cricket and baseball. It can also support emergency teams working in noisy environments where verbal communication is not effective.
Skyscout
If you have ever looked at the night sky and wondered what stars you are watching, SkyScout Celestron may be for you. This portable device, especially useful for novice astronomers, combines GPS technology with a sky map to identify, find and provide information about celestial bodies. To identify an object of interest, you simply view it through SkyScout and click the Identify button. SkyScout technology identifies an object and reports what it is. To find a celestial body, you select it from the menu with a convenient menu and click the "Find" button. SkyScout uses red direction arrows around the eyepiece to guide you to an object in the sky. A good feature is that the menu displays only objects that should be visible. (Unfortunately, Sky-Scout has no way to find out which of these objects are blocked by trees). Finally, the device can educate you in many more popular celestial bodies. Information is available both through audio and text, and includes facts about the object, its history and mythology. The release of SkyScout was delayed in 2006 due to manufacturing problems in one of the components.
NOKIA NSERIES PHONES
Nokia announced three new mobile phones in its multimedia Nseries, each of which is aimed at a different market segment. The N71, N80 and N92 offer a long list of features. The N71, from the Nokia XpressMusic family, offers FM stereo tuner, five-band equalizer and support for audio and video formats, including MP3, AAC, eAAC +, WMA, JPEG and MPEG-4. It offers a 240-320-pixel display and two cameras, one 2-megapixel (1600 _ 1200 pixels) and another VGA (640 × 480 pixels). It works with dual-mode wideband code division (WCDMA) / GSM and triband GSM. The N80 offers a 352 _ 416-pixel display and a 3-megapixel camera with features including four flash modes, 10 scene modes, manual exposure compensation and four color tones.
Embedded and applied computing systems
Embedded and ubiquitous computing is an exciting new paradigm that provides computing and communication services all the time and everywhere. His systems now affect every aspect of our lives to such an extent that they are hidden inside various devices. This appearance is the natural result of research and technological advances in embedded systems. The built-in widespread computing environment is equipped with hardware and software components that autonomously respond to the needs of their passengers. The embedded system is the main part of widespread computing, and it covers various applications such as wearable computer architecture and applications, sensor networks, embedded real-time operating systems, embedded servers, embedded network systems, routing without addresses, intelligent spaces, dynamic discovery services, mobility and case studies. Some of the researchers in embedded systems include:
ROLLABLE DISPLAY
Who has not dreamed of a show that rolls back when not in use? Phillips took one step toward this dream on a commercial scale, when in January 2004 she formed Polymer Vision, a venture capital firm. Polymer Vision recently announced that it can make a flexible display with a bend radius of 2 cm. The display is an organization-based display with an active QVGA matrix (320 × 240 pixels), 5 inches diagonally and 85 dpi. The display contains a 200 micron, reflecting electronic-ink display from E Ink Corporation (www.eink.com) over a 25-micron active matrix plane.
USE OF PRINT FOR CELLULAR CALLS
Xcelis (www.xcelis.com) has developed an innovative product for connecting mobile phones and landlines. The Pantheon (see Fig. 3) connects to a fixed telephone line and, using a Bluetooth connection, routes incoming and outgoing voice calls and data from users. mobile phones to landlines. Pantheon points to incoming mobile calls with a clear ring. While a mobile call is being made, it does not connect a landline phone, which means that you can still receive landline calls through your other phones.
You need one device for each landline phone that you want to multiplex. When making calls from your landline, you can choose whether to use your mobile phone or a landline account. Pantheon provides additional features, including a conference call with a land call and a mobile call, access to the user's mobile phone book from a landline phone, and switching between phone calls from a mobile phone to a mobile phone. Pantheon is also compatible with voice over IP phones.
BIONIC ARM
Todd Kuiken at the Chicago Rehab Institute at the Northwestern School of Medicine Feinberg developed a bionic arm with a mouse. The arm is based on an innovative muscle regeneration process that causes amputation nerves and connects them to a healthy muscle. Doctors take the nerves that usually go into the arm, and connect them with the pectoral muscles. Nerves grow in the muscles of the chest and can compress the muscles when the patient thinks, for example, “Close the hand”. Electrical signals from the pectoral muscles are set in motion. Surface electrodes sense these impulses from the pectoral muscle and transfer them to the arm, causing it to move. Jesse Sullivan, a power brigadier who had his amputated arms amputated after a strong electric shock, is the first patient to be equipped with bionic arms. Hands allowed him to do daily activities such as putting on socks, shaving, having lunch, taking out the garbage, carrying groceries and a vacuum. Future generations of hands will include a sense of touch and feeling.
Mobile and sensor networks
Sensor mobility allows you to improve coverage in areas where events often occur in many sensor networks, given that more units are available than needed for simple space coverage. Expanding motion sensor networks with motion can use this surge to improve perception, as well as improve service life and network reliability. When a major incident occurs, such as a fire or chemical spill, several sensors can cluster around the incident. This provides good coverage of the event and provides immediate redundancy in the event of failure if an area of interest is unknown during the deployment (in a larger area). For example, if a network is deployed to track the migration of a herd of animals, the exact path of the herd through the area will not be known in advance. But as the flock progresses, the sensors may shift on it to get the maximum amount of data. In addition, sensors can move in such a way that they also maintain the full coverage of their environment in response to events in that environment. Thus, at least one sensor still detects any events that occur in isolation, while several sensors more closely observe event clusters. When conducting research in sensor networks:
WIRELESS ACCESS OF THE WORLD THING
The option offers a data card for a PC that can access the broadband wireless network around the world. You can use GlobeTrotter GT Max on HSDPA / UMTS networks (high-speed downlink on a downlink / universal mobile telecommunications system) 850, 1900 or 2100 MHz and EDGE / GPRS 850 MHz, 1800 or 1900 MHz (common Packet) Radio Service . The card can support data transfer rates of up to 1.8 megabits per second on HSDPA networks, 384 kilobits per second on UMTS networks, 247 Kbps on EDGE networks and 85 Kbps on GPRS networks. This is a PCMCIA Type II (Personal Computer Memory Card International Association) computer card compatible with a PC with 3.3V and includes a new Butterfly antenna retractable antenna that does not require the user to remove the card when not in use. Numerous wireless operators offer a map, including Cingular, which recently announced that it will offer it on two plans. One plan will cost users $ 110 per month and includes unlimited use of data in the United States and 100 Mbytes of downloads in Canada and Mexico. The other plan will cost $ 140 and will include unlimited use in the United States and 100 MB of downloads in 24 countries, including Australia, China, France, Italy and Germany.
SELF-SENSITIVE HOUSE OF THE FUTURE
In the house of the future will not require cleaning. Not by people least. Each surface will be stain resistant and antibacterial; and on the floors the vacuum cleaner is buzzing around - all by itself. Exterior walls are all glass that can be completely shielded, and the inner surface is used as a television screen. The self-cleaning home scenario belongs in the distant future, perhaps in 20 years. With the rapidly growing development of nanotechnology, which we have observed over the past few years, it is not easy to predict a certain period of time, and this will be not only self-cleaning, but also self-sufficient, energy-intensive. Today, Australians are already experimenting with nanoclast houses, where glass can be treated with a pigmented coating, which makes the whole house opaque - the roof is on.
WALL SENSORS
The house of the future will be able to warn its owner if he needs repairs. Of course, building materials will be unbearable due to wind and weather, and they will be there earlier than the built-in sensors. When these sensors appear, the home computer will receive a message stating that this section is in need of repair. Simply controlled by various conditions. Thus, homeowners can cheaply repair worn materials and avoid large, expensive repairs after damage has been caused.
INTELLIGENT HOUSE
The future intellectual house will warn the fire brigade in case of fire when you are at work. Or, if you have a flow pipe, it will get a plumber. Multifunctional sensors throughout the house will monitor heating, lighting, indoor climate, etc. In the house of the future, two main digital gateways will be combined. One gateway will be a media server that complements the complete collection of music, movies, photos, etc. Another feature is a very secure homegateway server interacting with many sensors distributed throughout the house to monitor heating, indoor climate, etc. e. These two gateways are separate entities, since home security must be extremely tight. This gateway should not be hacked, which can lead to fatal security consequences. If, for example, motion detectors are interfered, the burglary alarm may be disabled. Similarly, it would be an unpleasant experience to return home to a room temperature of 40 degrees Celcisus, because someone is angry with you and hacked your system to change the temperature settings. Thus, each room in the house of the future will be equipped with small sensors. - In large rooms there may be several. They will measure the physical conditions in the room and communicate with home gateways, which will then serve the Internet connection from home.
RFID and sensors
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology uses radio frequency waves to transfer data between readers and moving tagged objects without visibility. RFID выполняет обещание в режиме реального времени определять, находить, отслеживать и контролировать физические объекты и может использоваться для широкого спектра широко распространенных вычислительных приложений. Для достижения этих целей данные RFID должны собираться, трансформироваться и экспрессивно моделироваться как их виртуальные копии в виртуальном мире. Однако данные RFID имеют свои уникальные характеристики, включая агрегацию, местоположение, временную и ориентированную на историю, которые должны быть полностью учтены и интегрированы в модель данных. Разнообразие приложений RFID создает дополнительные проблемы для обобщенной структуры для моделирования данных RFID. Сегодня радиочастотная идентификация проявляет большой интерес в качестве первой широко распространенной широко распространенной технологии не только с точки зрения исследований
но и от будущих корпоративных практик. Некоторые из последних исследователей в RFID-технологиях включают:
ТЕГИ ВЕЗДЕ
Ubiquitous ID Center предоставляет инфраструктуру для управления электронными тегами, встроенными или связанными с объектами в вездесущей среде. Центр разработал ucode, многокодовый тег, который автоматически идентифицирует информацию, хранящуюся в штрих-кодах, чипах RFID, смарт-картах и электронных тегах, встроенных в виртуальные объекты, такие как программное обеспечение и электронные деньги. В сопоставлении с кодом ISBN (International Standard Book Numbering), используемым в издательской индустрии, UID-центр присваивает уникальные номера каждому тегу и сохраняет данные, относящиеся к объекту на серверах баз данных. В тегах ucode используется 128-битный код, который может быть расширен в 128-битных единицах, создавая виртуозно безграничную последовательность чисел. Чтобы перемещаться по этой помеченной среде, UID-центр разработал Ubiquitous Communicator - устройство, подобное КПК, которое считывает теги ucode и извлекает соответствующие данные из базы данных сервера UID Center. Стандартный UC имеет множество функций, включая беспроводную локальную сеть, протокол передачи голоса по Интернету, инфракрасную передачу данных и биометрический считыватель. Помимо PDA-подобной версии, UID Center разработал модель мобильного телефона и стиль часов. Дома он будет служить в качестве пульта дистанционного управления для домашних развлекательных систем и бытовой техники. В офисе он будет читать тег принтера и заказывать сменный картридж по мере необходимости
ОТ UPC К RFID
Умная упаковка стала возможной благодаря внедрению небольших микропроцессоров без батареи, называемых RFID (радиочастотным идентификационным устройством). Хотя они были коммерчески доступны в течение ряда лет, они были слишком неуклюжими и слишком дорогими для использования в упаковке. Эта ситуация быстро меняется: эксперты отрасли прогнозируют, что цена за тег упадет до 10 центов каждый в течение пяти лет или около того. Новое поколение RFID-меток может иметь форму наклейки, такой как классические штрих-коды, или они могут быть непосредственно интегрированы в сам упаковочный материал. Они состоят из кремниевого микропроцессора, а некоторая форма радиоантенны - проводящие углеродные краски заменяют более дорогие металлические катушки более ранних типов тегов. Эта радиоантенна функционирует как канал ввода / вывода, так и источник питания. Электричество генерируется в антенне либо магнитным полем, либо радиосигналом; тег отвечает посылкой радиосигнала по очереди. Этот ответный сигнал содержит метаданные, хранящиеся на чипе, как правило, идентификационный номер. С помощью RFID-считывателей - на наших мобильных телефонах, в морозильных камерах супермаркета и выездах в наших частных холодильниках мы сможем получить информацию о конкретном элементе на основе его идентификационного номера. Фактически, первые сотовые телефоны со встроенными считывателями, основанные на технологии NFC (Near Field Communication), уже выходят на рынок.
СЛЕДУЮЩИЕ ТЕГИ
Интеллектуальные теги, которые вскоре начнут заменять штрих-коды в наших супермаркетах, на самом деле довольно тупые: их единственная способность - читать свой идентификационный код по команде. С помощью следующего поколения меток MEMS, эпитет & # 39; будет более подходящим. МЭМС (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems) теги могут выполнять измерения и вычисления. Теги MEMS особенно интересны в связи с чрезвычайно скоропортящимися товарами, такими как молоко и мясо. Исследования показали, что «продавать» дата на таких продуктах в лучшем случае сомнительна: молоко остается свежим только до указанной даты, пока оно хранится при правильной температуре. Хранение - ключевой термин здесь; например, что температура примерно в одной пятой случаев мяса и молочных продуктов в американских супермаркетах на три-четыре градуса слишком высока. И что происходит, когда мы все утро оставляем молоко на кухонной стойке? МЭМС-метки в смарт-пакетах смогут принимать температуру молока каждые пятнадцать минут. Затем измерения отправляются на небольшой микропроцессор, который рассчитывает свежесть молока.
БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ПИЩЕВЫХ ПРОДУКТОВ
В холодильнике будущего будет дверь со встроенным сканером для чтения цифровых тегов на упаковках продуктов. Таким образом, холодильник всегда будет в курсе того, что в него вложено; и экран на двери может предоставить обзор того, что находится за дверью. Сканируя все продукты питания, вы всегда будете иметь обновленный список ваших текущих поставок - включены консервированные и замороженные продукты. Другими словами: холодильник входит в состав цифрового администратора кухни. Если вы, например, держите еду ближе к ее истечению, холодильник предупредит вас. Затем продукт можно использовать сразу, и вам не нужно выбрасывать пищу. Экран подключен к Интернету, и каждый чип, помеченный на упаковке, будет представлять собой веб-сайт, который может быть посещен холодильником по мере того, как продукты питания убираются. Поэтому он может проверять любые предупреждения, выданные для данного продукта. Мы все помним случаи зараженной пищи, которые, не замеченные производителями, оказались в супермаркетах, а также в холодильнике или морозильной камере. В таких случаях предупреждение от холодильника может значительно снизить риски. Поскольку холодильник часто запускает автоматические проверки в сети, пользователи больше не зависят от радио и телевизионных сигналов.
Редактор:
Mr.S.Vijayakumar
Научный сотрудник - TIFAC-CORE
Инженерный колледж Velammal
Ченнаи - 600 066
Электронная почта: Vijayece2002@yahoo.co.in
